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- Mythology
- Burial Practices of the Ancient Egyptian and Greco-Roman Cultures
-
- Ancient Egyptian and Greco-Roman practices of preparing the dead for the
- next cradle of humanity are very intriguing. These two cultures differ in a
- multitude of ways yet similarities can be noted in the domain of funerary
- services. In the realm of Egyptian afterlife, The Book of the Dead can
- provide one with vital information concerning ritual entombment practices
- and myths of the afterlife. The additional handouts I received from
- Timothy Stoker also proved to be useful in trying uncover vital information
- regarding the transition into another life. Regarding the burial practices
- of Greece and Rome, parts of Homer's Odyssey are useful in the analysis of
- proper interment methods.
- One particular method used by the Egyptians was an intricate
- process known as mummification. It was undoubtedly a very involved process
- spanning seventy days in some cases. First, all the internal organs were
- removed with one exception, the heart. If the body was not already West of
- the Nile it was transported across it, but not before the drying process
- was initiated. Natron (a special salt) was extracted from the banks of the
- Nile and was placed under the corpse, on the sides, on top, and bags of the
- substance were placed inside the body cavity to facilitate the process of
- dehydration. After thirty-five days the ancient embalmers would anoint the
- body with oil and wrap it in fine linen. If the deceased was wealthy
- enough a priest donning a mask of Anubis would preside over the ceremonies
- to ensure proper passage into the next realm.
- One of the practices overseen by the priest was the placing of a
- special funerary amulet over the heart. This was done in behest to secure a
- successful union with Osiris and their kas. The amulet made sure the heart
- did not speak out against the individual at the scale of the goddess of
- justice and divine order, Maat. The priest also made use of a "peculiar
- ritual instrument, a sort of chisel, with which he literally opened the
- mouth of the deceased." This was done to ensure that the deceased was able
- to speak during their journeys in Duat.
- Another practice used by the Egyptians to aid the departed soul
- involved mass human sacrifice. Many times if a prominent person passed
- away the family and servants would willfully ingest poison to continue
- their servitude in the next world. The family members and religious
- figureheads of the community did just about everything in their power to
- aid the deceased in the transition to a new life.
- The community made sure the chamber was furnished with "everything
- necessary for the comfort and well-being of the occupants." It was
- believed that the individual would be able of accessing these items in the
- next world. Some of the most important things that the deceased would need
- to have at his side were certain spells and incantations. A conglomeration
- of reading material ensured a successful passage; The Pyramid Texts, The
- Book of the Dead, and the Coffin Texts all aided the lost soul in their
- journey through Duat into the Fields of the Blessed. "Besides all these
- spells, charms, and magical tomb texts, the ancient practice of depositing
- in the tomb small wooden figures of servants was employed." These "Ushabi
- statuettes" as they are called, were essentially slaves of the deceased.
- If the deceased was called to work in the Elysian fields he would call upon
- one of the statues to take his place and perform the task for him. It was
- not unheard of for an individual to have a figure for every day of the year
- to ensure an afterlife devoid of physical exertion. Just about every thing
- the embalmers and burial practitioners did during the process was done for
- particular reasons.
- Many of the funerary practices of the ancient Greco-Romans were
- also done with a specific purpose in mind. Unlike the Egyptian's the
- Greco-Roman cultures did not employ elaborate tombs but focused on the use
- of a simple pit in the ground. Right after death, not too dissimilar from
- the practices of the Egyptians, it was necessary for the persons to
- carefully wash and prepare the corpse for his journey. It was vital for
- all persons to receive a proper burial and if they did not they were dammed
- to hover in a quasi-world, somewhat of a "limbo" between life and death.
- One Greco-Roman myth that illustrates this point is The Odyssey by
- Homer. There is a part in Book eleven of the work in which Homer
- specifically addresses proper burial rites. When Odysseus wishes to
- contact Tiresias, he comes across Elpenor, one of his soldiers. This
- particular man fell (in a haphazard fashion) to his death on the island of
- the Kimmerians, but did not receive a proper burial and was stuck in limbo.
- Elpenor begged Odysseus and his men to return to the island and care for
- his body.
- Consequently, they did return and Elpenor passed into the next
- world. Most likely he was buried in the same fashion other members of his
- society were; a pyre was probably constructed and the body placed upon it.
- Also placed on the pyre were items that the deceased held dear in life with
- the hope that they would follow him into the next world. In order to
- survive in the afterlife, the deceased "is also presented with a small coin
- which came to be known as the ferrying fee for Charon." This can be
- likened to the Egyptian practice of introducing coinage into the tomb in
- some cases.
- Homer also speaks of the psyche, which slips out of man "at the
- moment of death and enters the house of Ais, also known as Aides, Aidoneus,
- and in Attic as Hades." This idea can be compared to the concept of an
- individual's ba in ancient Egypt. When someone died, an eternal part of
- them (their ba) would also slip out and seek out the individuals spiritual
- twin (their ka) in order to unite with it and facilitate a successful
- passage.
- Many times in myth, the living desired to speak with the departed.
- When Odysseus wishes to speak with the Nekyia in Book eleven, goats must be
- sacrificed and their blood was recognized as inspiring the deceased to
- speak. The Egyptians also were concerned with the ability of the deceased
- to speak in the next realm; this is exemplified in one of the most
- important spells in The Book of the Dead, the opening of the mouth.
- When all the funerary rites had been done, the next step was to
- mark the spot of the deceased. "The grave is marked with a stone, the
- sign, sema." This grave stone would have the name of the soul, and often
- some type of epigram in verse form. Invariably near the grave, some type of
- guardian of the soul would be located. Lion and sphinx were found as grave
- markers and this idea is paralleled in the practices of the natives of
- Egypt. A certain "cult image" was buried with the deceased in Egypt in
- order to look after and more importantly protect one's ba from being
- disturbed. It also acted as a type of "purge valve" for any ba which may
- have been unjustly disturbed in the tomb.
- Burial practices aside one can note an interesting difference
- between these two ancient civilizations. Differences can be observed
- concerning how amicable the afterlife was. The Egyptians had a positive
- outlook. They believed that after one became Osirus, They would move into
- a new world, which was nice, no one had to work, and everything was very
- clean. One could compare their lives in the next world with the children's
- classic board game, Candyland. In this game all was fine and dandy, the
- "don't worry be happy" attitude flourished, not distant from the life in
- the Fields of the Blessed. On the other hand, Greco-Roman afterlife was a
- rather dismal place. The dead Achilles summed everything up by saying to
- Odysseus, "Do not try to make light of death to me, I would sooner be bound
- to the soil in the hire of another man, a man without lot and without much
- to live on, than rule over all the perished dead." Needless to say, the
- Homeric afterlife was no Candyland.
- Candyland or not, both cultures went to extremes in order to
- guarantee a successful voyage into the next world. The two ancient
- civilizations hoped that through their intricate actions the individual
- would be protected and prepared for their many experiences on "the other
- side." By looking at selections of Homer's Odyssey and The Book of the
- Dead, one can draw many similarities between the two cultures; however,
- differences are also apparent due to cultural differences concerning what
- would happen to the departed soul.
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- "Deathblow: When someone tries to blow you up, not because of who you
- are, but because of different reasons altogether." --Kramer
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